Violent, non-state groups such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant have emerged as significant political and military actors, holding large areas of territory. Yet, as conflicts intensify and spread, the region now faces unprecedented challenges. Since about the middle of the last century, the region has experienced more frequent and severe conflicts than any other part of the world, exacting a devastating human toll. Large-scale conflicts are a major challenge for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).